What Size Light Bulb Can I Use?

When choosing a replacement bulb for your lamp or other light fixture, your first question might be: "What size light bulb should I use?" You might want to ask this question another way: “What is the highest wattage light I can safely put in my light fixture?” In other words, this isn’t about the physical size of the light bulb. As far as that goes, any bulb that will physically fit in the fixture is probably safe to install in it.

This is about the highest safe wattage, because the “safety” in question is preventing a fire.

Why This Is Important

Many fixtures have a maximum wattage rating. If some of yours do, then that wattage is the highest you can safely install in that fixture. Installing any bulb that draws even a bit more current—like trying to use a 75W bulb in a fixture that has a 60W maximum rating, for example—risks starting a fire.

The wires used inside lighting fixtures have insulation that has been tested to survive, and remain flexible, up to a certain temperature. In newer fixtures, that’s usually 90 degrees Celsius or 194 degrees Fahrenheit. That’s as much heat as the wiring can tolerate and remain flexible and safe. In older fixtures, the temperature limit for the wiring may be 60 degrees Celsius. That’s a good deal less—only 140 degrees Fahrenheit.

The other concern with following maximum ratings is the socket material: Some ceramic light sockets have a maximum wattage rating of 250 to 300 watts, where most normal lamps and light fixtures have plastic or paper-insulated sockets that have ratings of 60 to 75 watts, maximum. Always follow maximum wattage ratings.

How Can I Tell?

A modern fixture that has a maximum wattage rating is required to have a label stating what that limit is. It will be visible inside the fixture when you have the light bulb out of it, if not otherwise.

The trick, though, is figuring out where to stop if you have a fixture that is older than the requirement for the labeling. It’s safer to assume that it has the less heat resistant wiring, of course, unless you know otherwise. But that still leaves the question of the highest safe wattage open.

General Assumptions and Rules of Thumb

The maximum safe wattage of a fixture depends on three factors. One is how much heat a given light bulb generates. Another is the maximum heat tolerance of the wiring used in the fixture. The third is how enclosed or open the fixture is. The maximum safe wattage will be higher if the fixture is open, especially if it’s open on the top. In other words, the more easily the heat from the bulb can escape, the larger the bulb can be.

Light fixtures that have an open path above the bulb for the heat to escape can take the bulbs that generate the most heat. Table lamps and floor lamps that have an open-top shade, or no shade at all, are among these. A torchiere floor lamp that takes a high-intensity halogen bulb is a prime example. These fixtures may not come with a maximum wattage limit.

Pendant lights and wall sconces, which hold the bulb away from the ceiling in the open air, will usually have a fairly high wattage limit. It will be higher if the fixture is open, and especially if it’s open on the top. Open-sided fixtures which are mounted flush to the ceiling are more restrictive than closed flush-mount fixtures. The most restricted fixtures are the kind which uses reflector flood lamps: the ones that are mounted on track lights and, most importantly, recessed fixtures.

A recessed fixture is often made to be airtight so that it can’t serve as a chimney to vent heat from your room up into your attic. That also means that there’s no path for the heat generated in it to escape by convection since there’s no air flow.

What About the “Incandescent Equivalent” Rating?

Here’s something you can safely ignore. Most manufacturers put a statement on their newer-technology bulbs, such as CFLs and LEDs, which says something like “60-watt equivalent” on a CFL bulb that draws only 14 or 15 watts, for example. You can ignore the reference to 60 watts. That’s shorthand for “Produces approximately the same lumens as a 60-watt incandescent bulb.” What is important is the power the bulb uses: in this case, the 14 or 15 watts.

What’s the Bottom Line?

First of all, if your fixture has a maximum wattage rating, only use bulbs in it that do not exceed that rating. If it doesn’t have a rating, err on the conservative side. And if it’s an older fixture that may not have modern wiring, be even more conservative.

Second, follow the guidelines above to choose bulbs for fixtures that don’t have a rating label. Finally, consider the heat that the bulbs you’re considering emit. LEDs (including the increasingly popular LED tubes) are the coolest. Second coolest are fluorescent lamps, including CFLs. Incandescent bulbs emit more heat than other bulbs, but halogens, which are a special form of the incandescent bulb, generate the most.