How to Build Outdoor Waterfalls Inexpensively

Dig the Pond

Excavate the hole into which your liner will be inserted. There is an easy way to guide your shovel as you dig: turn the liner over on the ground, upside-down, where you want the pond to be, and trace out your circle.

Take care of the waterfall pond structure first, simply because you'll be laying your rocks for the cascading waterfall structure in such a way that the front of it overhangs the waterfall pond. This entails placing some of the bottom rocks very close to the waterfall pond. If you were to build the cascading waterfall structure first and then dig the waterfall pond, you might undermine those rocks. Besides, the overhang of the waterfall structure will just be in your way while digging.

The depth and diameter of your waterfall pond's hole should roughly match the corresponding dimensions for your preformed liner. But if the hole ends up being too big, you can correct your mistake afterward by applying sand.

Indeed, plan on shoveling sand into the bottom of the hole, as sand gives you a base that is malleable (allowing you to play with the height of the preformed liner). Apply approximately one inch of sand at the bottom, so that the rim of the liner stands an inch or so above the ground. This slight elevation will minimize the problem of soil spilling into the waterfall pond.

Put the preformed liner into the hole for the waterfall pond. Determine whether it's even by placing a carpenter's level on top of it (front to back, as well as left to right). Not even enough to suit you? Then extract the liner and scrape the sand at the bottom this way and that to even the liner until you're satisfied it is level.

Before moving on to the waterfall structure itself, a word of caution: Be sure to consider strategies for minimizing water loss from the start. But regardless of how well you do at minimizing water loss, it is prudent to check the level of your waterfall pond water periodically. Should the pond go dry due to water loss, you'll burn out the pump.

Consequently, you must turn off the pump overnight or when leaving your property. Of course, if you're frugal, you'll unplug the pump when you're not around anyhow, to save money on electricity. Since this water feature is intended only for decoration and for relaxation (it's not a fish pool or koi pond), there's no reason to keep it running if you're not there to enjoy it.

Build the Waterfall

With the pond complete, that means one of your two structures is out of the way. Now it's time to turn your attention to a more exciting structure: the cascade design itself. And that means taking another look at the rocks you'll be using.

The most important rocks are what might be termed the spillway rocks: the rocks directly over which the water will cascade. You can consider using two such rocks, one above the other. This gives your cascade design two levels (separate waterfalls, if you will), for greater visual impact.

The spillway rocks should be relatively flat (as opposed to rocks that are more rounded in shape). They should also have sharp, squarish edges. Water will cascade more cleanly over such edges. When rocks have blunt, gently curving edges, some of the water tends to follow that curve and trickle back under the rocks. Not only is the cascading effect in the latter case less spectacular, but you'll also lose a lot of your water because it won't fall cleanly into the pond.

In sum, the idea behind the selection of spillway rocks for a cascade design is to choose rocks that are most likely to channel the falling water in the precise direction in which you want it to go. How you lay the spillway rocks is also important to this end, as we'll see later. In addition to seeking out relatively flat rocks with sharp edges, see if you can find rocks that are slightly cupped.

The flower pot simply functions as the housing for the tubing (within the cascading structure for the waterfall). You could easily substitute something else that might work better; a plastic flower pot works simply because this is an item gardeners always have in abundance (and are dying to find a use for!). For instance, a terracotta pot would be even better, since it provides more stability. A crate made of rigid plastic would also work. The idea is to have some sort of housing to hold the tubing in place while you lay up the rocks all around it. This housing won't show when you're finished: It will lie hidden at the center of your rock work.

You'll essentially be building four mini-rock walls around the pot, to box it in. Make a small trench for the tubing to sit in under the rocks, so that the rocks don't weigh it down. This will keep the tubing free so that you can slide it through the pot up or down, at will. This gives you the leeway that you need since you won't know exactly what height you'll want the water spouting out until you've finished laying the rocks.

After laying your first course of rocks in the front, cover them with a sheet of black plastic that is 4 feet long and 3 feet wide. Extend one end of the plastic up to the top of the plastic pot while tucking the other over the lip of the preformed pond liner and down into the water. Disguise this plastic with rocks, so that it won't be visible in the pond. Using this cheap plastic is a frugal substitute for the more expensive flexible pond liner that one would use for a larger cascade design (and that you could use in this project, too, if it fits into your budget). The plastic serves the same purpose: namely, to catch more water than the rocks alone could and funnel it into the pond. Much of the water that would otherwise be lost to splashing strikes against this plastic and falls back into the pond instead.

Also after laying the first course of rocks in front (and just after laying the black plastic), lay one long, flat rock spanning them all and sitting right on top of that plastic.

Lay the Rocks and Work With the Tubing

Invert the flower pot and thread your tubing through the hole in its bottom. Place the pot on the ground (still inverted) at the center of what will be the rock waterfall structure. How far in the back of the pond should this be? Well, that depends on the depth of your rocks. You'll want the rocks that face the pond to abut it; if possible, they should even overhang the pond slightly. So if the rocks you'll be using there are 8 inches in depth (i.e., front to back), the front side of the pot should be about 8 inches back from the edge of the pond.

Typically, when building rock walls, it's a good idea to stagger the seams. Of course, these will be very small rock walls, so it's not a structural concern here. Still, try to do some staggering, if only because it looks better.

After the first course of rocks in the front, lay a long flat rock spanning them all. Because this rock's function is to form an overhang, it's a key piece in your cascade design. Using it as a shelf, you'll place your first spillway rock (see below) on it, in such a way that the spillway rock overhangs the pond even further.

Continue laying the four walls, until you've reached the height you desire. Once you're done encasing the pot with the four walls, you need to place two longer stones across the top (either front-to-back or left-to-right) to span the walls. Pull up the tubing to gain more length, if necessary, and gently sandwich the tubing in between these two longer rocks to hold it in place.

Begin trying to position your first spillway rock on top of your shelf rock. It should jut out over the pond even further than the shelf rock does (ideally, the tip would line up over the middle of the pond, although this is difficult to achieve). Elevate the first spillway rock in the back to achieve better water run-off. You can elevate this or any rock in the wall by using shims (small flat stones).

Bend the end of the tubing down toward the pond and place one or more capstones over it. It is under here that the waterfall's spout, so to speak, will rest. Capstone refers to a stone that will partially hide the tubing and/or gently press it down against the second spillway rock (as yet uninstalled). Make sure most of the capstone's weight rests on the rocks between which the tubing is sandwiched (or on shims) so that the tubing doesn't become flattened. You'll have to play with the level of the spout as you begin to fit in the second spillway rock.

Begin trying to position your second spillway rock on top of your first spillway rock. Again, elevate the rock in the back using a shim, to achieve a steeper pitch. One way to think of the placement of the two spillway rocks is that they're like two shingles on a roof. They're both on a slant, and the top one overlaps the bottom one, forming a continuous chute down which the water can pour.

The position of the end of the tubing that forms the spout can now be determined more precisely as you size it up on the surface of the second spillway rock. Again, pull to lengthen or shorten your tubing as necessary.

Fill the Pond

You're ready to fill the pond with water. Plug in the pump's cord and test the flow of your natural rock waterfall. No doubt, you'll have to make several adjustments before you get everything right. The objective is to get the water to fall as close as possible to the middle of the pond so that you can minimize water loss from the splashing that will occur. Note, however, that there's some compromise involved with your cascade design: greater height equals greater visual impact, but greater height also equals greater water loss (as the splashes will be more violent).

When undertaking projects such as building natural rock waterfalls, always keep home safety tips in mind. Another project in which you may be interested is building a small pond and using water-garden plants in and around it.